Stones, Bones, Tribes & Scribes

Department of Anthropology, Cleveland State University ~ Fall 2004 ~ Barbara Grale, Editor

__________________________________________________________________________________________________

Words on Stones: News about Linguistic Anthropology and Archaeology

Phil Wanyerka

As usual, it has been an extremely busy year here on the linguistics front! Last spring I taught ANT 293 Maya Hieroglyphic Writing as well as the cultural anthropology core course (ANT 303). This semester I am once again teaching my glyph course, which gave students the opportunity to participate in the annual K’inal Winik: A Festival of Maya Art, Language, and Culture and the Maya Hieroglyph Weekend. I am also teaching ANT 171 Ancient Civilizations of the Americas. Courses I am scheduled to teach in Spring 2005 include ANT 303; ANT 293 Ohio Prehistory, a totally new course that I designed to highlight the indigenous mound-building cultures of Ohio; and

ANT 171, which will be offered at CSU’s West Center.

I also served as co-organizer for CSU’s annual

K’inal Winik: A Festival of Maya Art, Culture, and Language, which brought to Cleveland my friend and colleague, Dr. Peter Mathews, a respected Mayan archaeologist and epigrapher, of La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia, to present a series of public lectures and glyphic workshops on the ancient Maya.

This year’s workshop was a “must-see event,” for it featured a “Who’s Who in the Classic Maya World” sponsored in part by the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies Inc.

During this workshop Peter discussed the latest archaeological and epigraphic findings at Palenque, including his latest research on the royal genealogy of Palenque’s royal kings.
Dr. Peter Mathews

The inaugural event for the weekend workshop was a lecture given by Peter on October 1. “An Evening with the Ancient Maya” was the first event in a series of public lectures sponsored by CSU’s new College of Liberal Arts and Social Sciences. Dr. Earl Anderson, Interim Dean, presented a heartfelt introduction to this program and the K’inal Winik Cultural Center.

The History Channel was present at this event, and Peter Mathews and I were interviewed at the Cleveland Metroparks Rainforest for a show titled “Adventure Archaeologists: Adventures in Science.”  Scheduled to air sometime early next year, this show will discuss and highlight what it is actually like to work on archaeological projects as well as discuss some of the dangers of working in remote areas of the world.

History Channel shoot at Cleveland Metroparks Zoo

Linguistic Anthropology and Archaeology

An unexpected surprise was being chosen, along with anthropology major Domenic Bellone, to appear in a couple of television commercials for CSU. These commercials were quite fun to make and they certainly made for some interesting conversations with the general public upon airing this past summer! 

On the writing front, an article I co-wrote with fellow CSU alum Keith Prufer and Monica Shah, “Wooden Figurines, Scepters, and Religious Specialists in Pre-Columbian Maya Society,” was published in the premier archaeological journal Ancient Mesoamerica [14(2):219-236]. The article discusses the function and use of caves in Maya society and an ethnohistoric review of the role of scepters and ancestral figurines in Maya society.

In addition, a paper entitled “Epigraphic Evidence of Macro-Political Organization in Southern Belize: A View from the Early Classic Period,” which was presented at the Second Belizean Symposium this past July, will be published in an upcoming volume (Archaeological Investigations in the Eastern Maya Lowlands: Papers of the 2004 Belize Archaeology Symposium) due out later this fall. I also edited and produced two Proceedings of the Maya Hieroglyphic Workshop volumes that chronicle the annual Maya Meetings in both Austin and Cleveland.

My final report to the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies Inc. (FAMSI) and the Government of Belize, chronicling my current research on the hieroglyphic inscriptions of southern Belize was finally published and released. Entitled The Southern Belize Epigraphic Project: The Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of Southern Belize, this enormous monograph (over 300 pages long) features numerous drawings and epigraphic analysis of more than 100 Classic Maya texts from southern Belize. For those interested, this report can be viewed in its entirety at the FAMSI website (http://www.famsi.org/reports/00077/index.html).

Based on the importance and significance of this report to the advancement of the field of Mesoamerica

Studies, FAMSI awarded me with their very first Excellence Award. Presented to me in October, the award is given to those grantees whose final reports exemplify excellence in illustrated presentations of data, descriptive analysis, and considered syntheses.     I am very pleased and honored to have received this distinguished accolade.

The research front has also been quite busy for me this past year. Three colleagues (Keith Prufer, Wichita State University; Rebecca Zarger, Florida International University; and Andrew Kindon, West Valley College) and I have initiated a long-term, multi-disciplinary project at the Early Classic site of Uxbenká, a small archaeological site located in the southern foothill region of the Maya Mountains of Belize. We have received permits from the Institute of Archaeology, Belize to initiate a comprehensive mapping and survey project this coming May, and we are currently seeking funds from the National Science Foundation, FAMSI, and others to support our research plans.

Uxbenká is one of the earliest and most important sites in all of Belize. The site features several ballcourts, an elite residential complex that contains royal tombs, and dozens of ancient Maya stelae (including three with specific historical references to the powerful city of Tikal and the great Teotihucan “arrival” event in AD 372). We hope our research will shed important light on both the regional and economic affairs of the ancient population of Uxbenká as well as test the veracity of textual accounts that seem to provide clear political links to several larger cities, including the great Maya capitals of Tikal, Copan, and Quiriguá.

In conjunction with our research plans, we would like to turn the site into a protected archaeological reserve. The creation of a small on-site museum will enable us to incorporate the villages of Q’eqchi’ and Mopan in our development plan, which is aimed at providing a steady stream of sustainable income to the people of these communities.  By directly involving local communities in our activities, we can help preserve the natural beauty of the forest around Uxbenká as well as protect the archaeological resources of this area from vandalism and looting.

Please stay tuned for future updates!

word from the bone lab

 Dr. Bob Mensforth

Howdy folks, it’s been another really busy year! In April I was invited to present a paper at the 69^th Annual Meetings of the Society for American Archaeology in Montreal, Canada. It was fun to catch up with some old friends and make some new ones. The symposium, organized by Richard Chacon and David Dye, was titled The Taking and Displaying of Human Trophies by Amerindians. The papers presented at the symposium will be published as an edited volume by Kluwer Academic Press in 2005

Shortly after the meetings in Montreal, our lab experienced a number of equipment failures. My “old faithful” IBM Model 55sx DOS-based PC from 1987, and our ever trustworthy Summagraphics Digitizer tablet from the same year, both decided to go kerplunk within a week of each other (kerplunk is a technical term electronic equipment that goes belly up—I learned that from alumnus Scott Haver, who is Director of CSU Instructional Computing in the Chester Building, so it must be true). We solved the digitizer problem by searching eBay for a used one that works and succeeded in finding a replacement quickly for about $30. Thank goodness for credit cards, eh?

My friends and colleagues also managed to resurrect my IBM DOS PC. Alumna Jennifer Way and her father spent a few hours going over some diagnostics on the internet, then called IBM, who was more than happy to send us two free Dallas Chips. When they arrived, Scott Haver installed one of the chips in the mother board and life returned immediately (i.e., the Dark Side of DOS extinction was temporarily side-stepped once again). So, thanks to Scott, Jennifer, Mr. Way, IBM, and eBay for all of their quick and effective techno-aid.  Our goal this year is to get updated Windows-based software so we can transfer all of our data analysis and graphing capabilities to our two-year old Gateway PC.

I spent the summer working on three book chapters:

“Paleodemography of the Carlston Annis (Bt-5) Green River Late Archaic Human Skeletal Collection.” Chapter 18 in The Green River Archaic Shell Mound Projects, University of Florida Press, in press 2004.

“Osteological Evidence of Perimortem Violent Injury, Trophy Taking Behaviors, and Warfare in North America During the Archaic Period” will be published in Hostile Intentions: Violence in Prehistory, University of Alabama Press.

“Human Trophy Taking in Eastern North America During the Archaic Period.” Chapter 2 in The

Taking and Displaying of Human Trophies by Amerindians, Kluwer Academic Press.

Anyone interested in the subject matter can contact me. I’ll send you free copies of the chapters when the books are published.

I also spent a couple of days a week at the Cleveland Museum of Natural History Laboratory of Physical Anthropology working on a project headed by CMNH volunteer Lillian Ruben. The purpose of that long-term project is to identify the origin of accurate public records for the ages at death listed for specimens contained in the historic CWRU Hamann-Todd Collection of human skeletons. My role was to examine skeletal remains to provide biological age estimates for each individual. We have examined slightly over 1,500 skeletons, or about 40% of the total collection. We still have a way to go here!

THE BONE LAB

Another project I initiated was a forensic analysis of craniofacial trauma in the bones of black and white

men and women in the Hamann-Todd Collection. Anthropology major Paul Deegan and I examined and recorded quite a few interesting skeletal injuries. We’ve completed observations on all the adult women and have started on the adult men. This is another project that will take some time to complete. So if any of you boneheads are looking for a research project to get involved in, stop by the lab and we’ll talk. The project title is: “Osteological Evidence of Craniofacial Trauma Among Hamann-Todd Collection Adults: Age, Sex, and Ancestry-Related Patterns of Remote and Perimortem Injuries.”

Lyman Jellema, collections manager of the Hamann-Todd Collection, plans to start another project soon. It entails the identification of human rib bone injuries and pathologies. Anthropology major Barbara Smith will be working on that project, but there’s room for more students to get involved in this project, so contact me if you’re interested.

In July I had an opportunity to participate in the Orange School System’s Summer Forensic Camp for primary school children. The class was headed by CSU alumna Kathleen Zeman. an anthropology minor who earned her BS and MS degrees in biology. She enjoys kids and teaching biology, and she’s a whiz at molecular biology. We had the kids come to the Cleveland Museum of Natural History for a day, where I gave a lecture on forensic anthropology. I showed the kids some of the types of traumatic injuries that occur to bones and talked about the relevance of this type of evidence to law enforcement goals and efforts. The kids behaved wonderfully and had very good questions.

My colleagues at Kent State University and I will be presenting two papers dealing with the extent to which new methods of analysis can be applied to demographic analysis of human bones recovered from an archaeological context in order to assay changes in population dynamics that occur through time.

The first paper is titled “Overcoming Biases in the Paleodemographic Record: Estimating Mortality, Age Structure, and Annual Growth, with an Example from Northern Ohio, 9^th to 11^th Centuries A.D.” [Meindl, R

(KSU), Robert P. Mensforth (CSU), and C.O. Lovejoy (KSU)]. This report will be presented at the 2004 Annual Meetings of the Canadian Association of Physical Anthropologists (CAPA) in London, England, October 27-30. 

The second paper is titled “The Paleodemography of a Fishing-Hunting-Gathering Village from the Eastern Woodlands, USA” [Meindl, R (KSU), Robert P. Mensforth (CSU), and C.O. Lovejoy (KSU)]. This report will be presented at the XXV International Population Conference of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population to be held in Tours, France, July 18-23, 2005.

Two forensic artists who are friends of mine, Gigi Waite, MA (CSU alumna), and Linda Spurlock, PhD (KSU alumna), collaborated on a poster for the Biological Anthropology, Archaeology, and Forensic Anthropology Association (BAARFA) meetings at the University of Oklahoma this fall. They prepared the original version of the poster, “Forensic Craniofacial Reconstruction,” as a gift for me about three years ago. In exchange, I prepared an updated digital version of the poster for easy transport and display. Linda, now a professor at Stark State College in Canton, will present the poster and discuss law enforcement applications of forensic art.

Last but not least, my State of Ohio House Bill Request made the college’s’ short list. House bill funds support the purchase of educational equipment, so we should be able to upgrade our lab teaching casts and osteology bone models and acquire some equipment to initiate DNA teaching labs in ANT 301 Biological Anthropology and ANT 493 Forensic Sciences.

Mapping Maya Sites

Dr. Peter Dunham

Ever wonder how maps of archaeological sites are drawn from a pile of rocks? Did you know that a small group of CSU students are involved in a mapping project that does just that? Since 1992, students working with the Maya Mountains Archaeological Project have been gathering field data and drafting maps of Maya sites in Belize. The sites are small in comparison to the well known sites in Mexico and Guatemala, but they hold their own, complete with ballcourts, temples, monuments, plazas and causeways.

Since 2002, members of the current mapping team have been working on maps of three sites in Belize: Tzimin Che, Sand Creek, and Twelve Mile. They have completed maps that show site layouts and provide a bird’s eye view of where buildings were positioned in relationship to private, communal, and ceremonial space. Their next step will be to construct table-top and 3-D computer-animated models of the sites.

The group, which includes Sarah Elswick, Carole Lade, Barry Newton [not pictured], and Anne Swanson, has put in about 1,000 hours of work as either paid student assistants or volunteers. Why would people who appear sane in all other ways want to do this?

Team members Carole Lade, Sarah Elswick, Barry Newton, 

Peter Dunham, and Anne Swanson

Sarah is a recent graduate who came to CSU with a childhood fascination with ruins of ancient civilizations. She said, “I arrived here not knowing what anthropology or archaeology entailed. To my surprise, anthropology was just what I was looking for, even though at the time I took my first anthropology course, I was not totally sure what it was going to involve. My primary interest is in the ancient roots of modern African civilizations, and I was delighted to find out that anthropology held the key to my interests. It is a field that embodies art, music, drama, and cultural traditions, as well as the study of ancient peoples and past societies (archaeology), and this is what I was looking for.

“When a position for a program assistant to Dr. Dunham opened up, I jumped right in to apply. Since I could not get into the field to do actual fieldwork in Belize with Dr. Dunham, I thought mapping would be a very useful tool if I ever did get there, and it has been a pleasure, as well as very educational, to learn such useful and fascinating techniques in the mapping process.” For Sarah, mapping was a chance to finally see the sites come alive. “Drawing also has been a love of mine, so mapping coincided with this interest. Many times in class Dr. Dunham would discuss a site and mention its monuments, causeways, and plazas; mapping was the opportunity to see an ancient site through a two-dimensional drawing. It was wild, and when the first map was done, I thought, wow, this is amazing— truly an art form in itself.”

Carole is an anthropology and communications major who has been mapping since the fall of 2002. She remembers the day when she was the only one mapping and some artifacts needed to be returned to Belize. Carole said, “I sat in the lab, pulling out centuries-old Maya pottery and holding it in my hands, sitting there with my mouth open, thinking, this is so cool! One pot even had its original dirt still in it. When I left the lab, my feet weren’t even touching the ground. It was a Maya fix that last for months.”

Barry joined the team in the fall of 2003.  He is a non-degree student who has furthered his study of the Maya by taking anthropology classes. Barry said, “When Dr. Dunham offered extra credit for mapping, I knew it was an opportunity I couldn’t pass up. Since then, the team has calculated field data, drawn and Malerized maps. [A Malerized map is a two-dimensional representation of three-dimensional height.] In order to get some experience with how data is collected in the field, we used the MMAP survey equipment to map a few of the plazas and stairways here on the CSU campus.”

Anne is an anthropology major who is an enthusiastic Mayanist as well as the work-study student who coordinates the 2004-05 mapping team. She said, “When drafting these sites, not only do you get a glimpse of how structures once looked, you are also privy to other first-hand information. Many an afternoon, when we are fussing with the drafting of a looter’s trench or a stairway, Dr. Dunham has a field story to tell—something you wouldn’t otherwise learn about. For example, why is Tzimin Che called “Tzimin Che” and what is the story behind Ek Xux? How do these sites get their names?! Learning these little insights makes up for having to do all of the math!”

Map of Sand Creek showing Structures 23 and 24

If this sounds interesting, we are looking for more mapping team members to work with field data that MMAP collected at a number of ancient Maya sites in Belize. The maps will be used for papers that will discuss the use of network analysis and site orientation in the preparation of 3-D web maps.

Can’t add mapping to your schedule this semester? Do it in the spring and get credit for it! Mapping will be one of the subjects focused on in ANT 336 Lab Methods in Archaeology. We will begin mapping a new site, with new stories, and we will also look at the placement of cacao groves and learn about the chocolate drink of the Maya elite!

Why get involved? Although most students already have jam-packed schedules, getting involved on campus helps pave the academic road in ways never really considered. At the undergraduate level, taking part in academic research not only looks good on resumes and college essays, it facilitates your own research by providing you with a look into all the work that goes on behind the scenes, and you learn how to head off problems before they occur. If graduate school is in your sights, being part of a research program can help to make you a more desirable candidate.

Why else should you get involved? Because it’s fun! For information, contact Anne Swanson, Mapping Team Coordinator, at anabelleswanson@yahoo.com.

CSU Anthropology Association

The CSU Anthropology Association is up and running again! Their first organizational meeting was held in early fall and attracted quite a few students.

New officers have been elected and members are actively involved in fund-raising and planning fun activities such as field trips. For their first fund-raiser, they are selling Entertainment books for $25 and are doing quite well.

This year CSUAA members also have the option of joining the first CSU chapter of the Lambda Alpha National Anthropology student organization.

Anyone interested in joining CSUAA or obtaining information about the group’s activities may contact

Jarred Miller at millerjs22@hotmail.com.

SOUTHWEST FIELD EXPERIENCE 2004

Dr. Jeff Williams

The Anthropology Department’s newest field program had a very successful beginning this past summer. Six anthropology majors (Barbara Hardwig, Heidi Kocskar, Heidi Nicholls, Terry Phifer, Anne Swanson, and Emma Yanoshik-Wing) traveled with me to visit Indian reservations in New Mexico and Arizona. The goal of the program was to introduce students to the field component of anthropology by experiencing the dynamics of cultural tourism

in the region. We had an exhausting itinerary that had us on the road almost every day, covering over 3,300 miles in

22 days.

We were fortunate to be able to attend several important events during the trip. Dr. Susan Guyette of Santa Fe Planning, who is the nation’s leading authority on tourism and tourism development in Native America, met with us to discuss cultural tourism projects among the Pojoaque and Zuni Indians of New Mexico.

We had a private tour of the ruins of Hawikku village at Zuni, led by Tom Kennedy, Zuni’s Director of Tourism. Hawikku and four other historic Zuni villages were abandoned after the Pueblo Revolt of 1680. Present-day Zuni Pueblo is founded on the historic structures of Halona, the only remaining 17^th century Zuni settlement.

                 Tour of ruins at Hawikku with Tom Kennedy

During our three-day stay at Zuni Pueblo we were able to attend mixed dance performances in the plaza. Mixed dances are summer kachina performances that involve almost all of the kachina personages of Zuni cosmology. Zuni dance performances are not advertised to the public, and attendance of outsiders is governed by an explicit set of restrictions regarding appropriate behavior. Photography and sketching are prohibited at all Zuni dances, which explains why most of the representations of Zuni kachinas in books take the form of drawings.

We attended a rodeo in Crownpoint, New Mexico, sponsored by the Navajo Nation Rodeo Cowboys Association. We received a personal welcome from Mr. Lou Antone, Sr., president of the NNRCA, which was founded in 1975 and is now one of the regional organizations of the Indian National Finals Rodeo. Rodeo is an important part of modern Navajo life, especially in the Eastern Navajo Agency.

The “accommodations highlight” of the trip was our stay in traditional Navajo hogans at Canyon de Chelly National Monument in northwest New Mexico. Hogans are the traditional domestic and spiritual centers of Navajo social life. Despite changes in Navajo housing, traditional hogans are still constructed next to trailer homes or other modern structures. Our host at Canyon de Chelly was Howard Smith, a member of one of the traditional land-holding families of the canyon. Howard has constructed a male and a female Hogan on his land that he rents out to visitors. Male hogans are conical in shape and much smaller than the round female hogans. Hogans have no windows and only one door that faces due east. Floors are packed earth and the larger female hogans have a central fire pit.

continued on page 8

Southwest Field Experience

Although the average female Hogan can sleep about eight people, our group had some trouble with that idea. Heidi Nicholls and Emma decided to sleep out under the stars, only to be awakened by Mexican grey coyotes in camp early in the morning. Needless to say, they quickly sought other sleeping arrangements.

We also visited Pecos National Historical Park.

Pecos was an important “frontier” settlement between Puebloan and Plains Indians up until the 16^th century. Much of the anthropological interpretation of the pre-contact Southwestern culture is based on excavations at Pecos.                                       

                                                                                                                  Heidi K, Anne, Heidi N, Emma, Terry, & Barbara in kiva at Pecos

Planning for the 2005 program is already under way. Heidi Kocskar is assisting me with preparations for next summer’s program, which will be modified from the 2004 format. Students accepted into the 2005 program will enroll in ANT 366 Native Peoples of the Southwest during the first six-week session. This course will prepare participants for what they will experience in the field. They will enroll in ANT 440 Southwest Field Experience during the second six-week session, when travel to the Southwest will take place.

If you are interested in learning more about the Southwest Field Experience, contact Ms. Kocskar or me at

216-687-2386 or j.p.williams@csuohio.edu. We are in the process of scheduling a series of informational presentations that will begin later in the semester.

Alumni Updates and Best Wishes

Claudia Angel is now gainfully employed as a paramedic in the Cleveland area. She completed her training and certification this past August at the top of her class.

Gail Baker moved to Denver in the late 90s and met Craig Koverman, an old friend of the family. They married a few years ago and moved to the beautiful mountains of Fairplay, Colorado. Their first child, Tyler Matthew, was born on September 25.

After earning a BA in anthropology and an MA in psychology, Ramona Bell took a couple of years off to work, earn some money, and learn to play the piano. She’s planning to start law school in the near future.

Jennifer Clark is working on her doctoral dissertation at the University of Illinois, Chicago. Her area of expertise includes archaeology and biological anthropology.

Christine Kovar is working for Berea Children’s Home and Family Services. Devoted to her job and the kids who need help and guidance, Christine has fascinating—and often hilarious—stories to tell about her experiences.

Jill McGrath-Jones earned her Master’s degree in medical anthropology from the University of Hawaii last spring. She’s now enjoying the tropical islands and working on human epidemiology projects.

Dawn Medved was awarded her Master’s degree in anthropology from the University of Montana last year. Her graduate education focused on biological anthropology and forensic sciences. Dawn married Tom Boyce on October 22. They live in Bonner, Montana.

For the past year and a half, Marsha Pataky has been doing cultural resource management archaeology for fun and profit. She is presently working for a CRM company with projects in Maryland and Pennsylvania. She, too, has lots of interesting stories from her experiences. She’ll be heading off to graduate school next year.

Jennifer Way-Mosakowski successfully defended her thesis for the MS in health sciences last winter. She’s teaching human gross anatomy labs at the CWRU School of Dentistry and the Ohio College of Podiatric Medicine. This winter she plans to submit a manuscript from her Master’s thesis for peer review and publication in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology.

Dr. Ron Wins Third Fulbright Award

Dr. Ron Reminick has been awarded a Senior Specialist’s Fulbright award to work in Bahir Dar, Ethiopia. This is his third Fulbright award.

After a seven-year effort to create a Cleveland-Bahir Dar sister-city relationship, Dr. Reminick’s colleague and friend, Dr. Carl Robson, succeeded in bringing to Cleveland a ten-member delegation of Ethiopian university faculty, scientists, and businessmen interested in developing an economic and cultural exchange program. In addition to the two cities, the program involves Cleveland State University and Bahir Dar University.

Bahir Dar Mayor Mariyie Kefalew and Cleveland Mayor Jane Campbell came together at the Empress T’ayt’u Ethiopian restaurant along with members of CSU, the Ethiopian community, councilmen and others, to participate in an elaborate ceremony uniting the two cities and universities. A series of meetings and conferences were held to study the feasibility of and organize and specific projects. The critical problems of Bahir Dar include a rapidly growing population, pollution from both industrial and human waste, and illnesses such as malaria and HIV/AIDS.

Bahir is situated on Lake T’ana, the largest lake in Ethiopia, located in the central highlands at about 6,000 feet elevation. The rationale for the label, “sister cities,” is because both cities are located at a lake, although the commonalities end there. This relationship will encourage international relations, assist the population of Bahir Dar to learn ways to improve their quality of life, and open the door for CSU students to have another Study Abroad opportunity to experience a rather spectacular country.

Dr. Ron’s involvement with Bahir Dar University will include three projects. He will establish a department of anthropology and a social science curriculum that includes courses on research methodology, similar to what he accomplished in the Master’s Programme in Social Anthropology at Addis Ababa University during his last Fulbright tenure. Bahir Dar University was established by combining two technical colleges and does not yet have a social science curriculum.

He also plans to set up programs of social research, employing selected students to conduct research in the town and surrounding countryside. As a psychological

anthropologist, he will be looking for the ways people think about critical problems of their region, their attitudes about specific problems, and the level of their motivation for social action initiatives to deal with these problems, some of which are life-threatening. One project will be to continue his on-going study of prostitution, which is a major modality for the spread of HIV/AIDS. A good proportion of the population does not espouse the germ theory of disease, so the challenge is to understand their native paradigm and emotional components and to work within them to modify behavior in healthy directions.

Dr. Ron will also explore the possibility of establishing a cultural exchange program with CSU. Ethiopian Airlines offers the least expensive ticket to Africa anywhere, and within Ethiopia one can find ecologies and populations similar to anywhere else in Africa, with the exception of hunting-and-gathering populations.

Dr. Ron with his adoptive family in Ethiopia

Dr. Ron plans to leave for Ethiopia in January, in time to celebrate the Ethiopian Christmas (they are on the Julian calendar) with his adoptive family, friends, and colleagues. He will also spend some time in Italy, working with his colleague, Antonio Palmisano, on a prospectus for development research.

Stones, Bones, Tribes & Scribes      

Department of Anthropology 0010-0388-01

 Cleveland State University

2121 Euclid Avenue, CB 119

 Cleveland, OH  44115

Requirements for Majors and Minors

Depending on the year they first enrolled at CSU, students who declare a major or minor in anthropology may have a choice about which set of requirements to complete for graduation.

Students who enrolled at CSU prior to fall semester 2004 may complete either “SR” or “RR” requirements. New students—those enrolling at CSU for the first time in fall 2004 or thereafter—will complete “RR” requirements.

Under “SR” requirements, majors complete 36 credit hours (three foundations courses, three core courses, one area studies course, and eight credit hours of electives). Minors complete 16 credit hours (one foundations course and 12 credit hours of electives).

Under “RR” requirements, majors complete 40 credit hours (two foundations courses, four core courses, one area studies course, the senior seminar in anthropology, and eight credit hours of electives). Minors complete 20 credit hours (two foundations courses and 12 credit hours of electives).

Majors and minors who are unsure about which set of requirements to complete are encouraged see their advisor.

Additional information is provided in the Handbook for Anthropology Majors and Minors. The Handbook and checklists for both sets of requirements are available outside the Anthropology Department, Chester Building 119.

Stones, Bones, Tribes & Scribes is a publication of the Department of Anthropology,

Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115.

Cleveland State University is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity institution.